Of the two, so this applies to all the capital has the same form, regardless of how their absolute amount.
80c 20 v 20 m; C  100, m ‘ 100, p’  20
160c 40 v 20 m; C  200, m ‘ 50, p’  10
100: 50  20: 10.
If v and the absolute amount of C are equal in the two occasions, margins and
Residual Value also directly proportional.
p ‘: p1′  m’v: m1′v  m: m1.
For example:
80c 20 v 20 m; m ‘ 100, p’  20
80c 20 v 10 m; m ‘ 50, p’  10
20: 10  100  20:50  20  20m: 10m.
Is now clear that the absolute number or percentage on the same form of capital, the surplus value rate of wages or working only in
The length or under varying labor intensity can be unequal. Assumes that there are three situations:
I, 80c 20 v 10 m; m ‘ 50, p’  10,
II, 80c 20 v 20 m; m ‘ 100, p’  20,
III, 80c 20 v 40 m; m ‘ 200, p’  40,
The total value of products in the Itype is 30 (20v 10 m), in the

All variables in the equation of this interaction, but also more clearly displayed. We are now to study the m ‘to the changes.
II, m ‘variable
If the equation p ‘ m’v  C into the other equation p1′  m1′v1  C1 (which, p1 ‘, m1′, v1, and C1 that p ‘, m’, v, and C of the changed value), then, we have for
A variety of surplus value rate under the profit margin, obtained a general formula, regardless of v  C is a constant, or the same variable. In this way, we get:
p ‘: p1′  m’v  C: m1′v1  C1,
The resulting: p1 ‘ (m1′  m ‘)  (v1  v)  (CC1)  p’.
1, m ‘variable, v  C change
On this occasion, we have two equations:
p ‘ m’v  C;
P1′  m1′v  C,
In both equations, v  C is equivalent. Thus obtain the following ratio:
p ‘: p1′  m ‘: m1′.
Has the same form of two capital profit ratio is equal to the ratio of their rate of surplus value. Because v  C in this fraction, the important thing is not the absolute amount of v and C, but only the ratio

The means of production rather than proportional to the value. Therefore, if the value of c unchanged, but the number changes, v will change, unless the wages to the same change can be a coincidence.
So far, we have our equation v, c and C are all possible to list the changes. We see that in the rate of surplus value
Remains the same, the profit margins can be decreased, unchanged, or increase, because the v and c, or v, and C the ratio changed slightly, enough to make a change in profit margin.
Secondly, we see that, v has a line around the changes, the boundaries have been achieved, m ’should be maintained, it will become economically impossible. Because c every
Unilateral change will inevitably reach a limit, once reached this limit, v no longer remain the same, so v  C for all possible changes, there is a limit, beyond this limit , m ‘also bound to become variable. Economics of modern vulgar little attention, they use the function domain and range of the existence of boundaries. In m ‘changes, we

Now as before, will produce 20 residual value.
Conversely, if lower wages, 20v could pay the wages of 30 workers, then, m ‘to remain unchanged from the 10hour days should be shortened to 6 2  3 hours. 20  10  30  6 2  3  200 hour to produce.
The assumption in these contrary, c less than what extent can the performance of the
Value of the currency to remain unchanged, but the representatives can change as circumstances change the means of production volume, we essentially have explained in the previous before. This is only in very exceptional situations, it may be in pure form.
As the value of the various elements of c changes will increase or decrease the amount of these elements, but
Does not affect the value of c, the amount of such a situation, then, provided that such change does not cause changes in the number of v, it will not affect margin, it will not affect the rate of surplus value. But this is almost impossible. Because under the same production technology, v and c is the number represented by

In the range of.
Assumed 80c 20 v 20 m in, 20v original group of 20 workers working 10 hours a day wage. Now, assume that each person’s salary from 1 to 1 1  4. This, 20v 20 workers have been unable to pay compensation, but only 16 workers to pay compensation. However, 20 workers in 200 work hours will produce
The value of 40, while 16 workers 10 hours a day, that is, a total of 160 working hours, will produce only 32 values. Net 20v as wages, the value of 32, on the left as the residual value of 12; rate of surplus value would be from 100 to 60. But according to our premise, rate of surplus value
Must remain unchanged, thus working to extend the 1  4, or from 10 hours to 12 1  2 hours; 20 workers 10 hours a day, that work in 200 hours will produce the value of 40 and 16 workers per day 12 1  2 hours, that is 200 hours, will produce the same value, 80c 20 v of the capital,

The opposite direction by changes in quantity, we can also put it into a simple case. For example, we re80c 20 v 20 m from the start, to make it into a 110c 10 v 10 m in the form, and when the change was still less than 40c 10 v 10 m when the profit margin would still be
20. To 70c added to this intermediate form, profit margins will drop to 8 1  3. Thus, we have put into this situation again changes only one variable c on the other.
Therefore, v, c, and C simultaneously changing circumstances, no new point of view. It is only one factor into the final variable is always the case.
Another point is that
V and C in the figures is as big as before, but they place the value of the material elements of change and thus represented by v, is is promoted and labor of the changed amount, c represent , is being promoted by the means of production volume has changed. But even the only remaining case, in fact, already included

To some extent the two less than the rate of change by the same, so at this level or less, v  C remains unchanged. Beyond this point, the two being only one change. In this way, we can put this more complex situation into a more simple case above.
For example, if 80c 20 v 20 m into 100c 30 v
30 m, then, provided that such changes in the 100c 25 v 25 m within the extent of, v and c, and thus the ratio of v and C will remain unchanged. Within this extent, therefore, profit margins will remain unchanged. We can now put 100c 25 v 25 m as a starting point; we make v an increase of
5, that increased to 30v, C also increased to 130 from 125, so that we get the above second case, the only change, and v the resulting changes in C. The original profit margin is 20 in the rate of surplus value remains unchanged due to the increase 5v, now increased to 23 1  13 done.
V and C even in

But the v  C decreased from 20100 to 30200, profit margin will correspondingly decrease from 20 to 15.
(B) only the e  E, that is, only the v  C the fraction of the surface changes, but its value is unchanged, that is, only the numerator and denominator to the same number of multiplication and division, profit margins will remain unchanged. 80c
20 v 20 m and 160c 40 v 40 m clear margin between the two is 20, because m ‘is still  100, while the v  C  20100  40200 in these two cases, both on behalf of equal value.
(C) If e is greater than E, that is, if the variable capital to increase faster than total capital, profit margins will improve.
If 80c 20 v 20 m into 120c 40 v 40 m, profit margins will be from 20 to 25, because m ‘is constant, v  C  20100 has been increased to 40160, from a  5, up to 1  4.
If v and C according to changes in the same direction, we can look at this change in this volume, as if