Of the two, so this applies to all the capital has the same form, regardless of how their absolute amount.
80c 20 v 20 m; C  100, m ‘ 100, p’  20
160c 40 v 20 m; C  200, m ‘ 50, p’  10
100: 50  20: 10.
If v and the absolute amount of C are equal in the two occasions, margins and
Residual Value also directly proportional.
p ‘: p1′  m’v: m1′v  m: m1.
For example:
80c 20 v 20 m; m ‘ 100, p’  20
80c 20 v 10 m; m ‘ 50, p’  10
20: 10  100  20:50  20  20m: 10m.
Is now clear that the absolute number or percentage on the same form of capital, the surplus value rate of wages or working only in
The length or under varying labor intensity can be unequal. Assumes that there are three situations:
I, 80c 20 v 10 m; m ‘ 50, p’  10,
II, 80c 20 v 20 m; m ‘ 100, p’  20,
III, 80c 20 v 40 m; m ‘ 200, p’  40,
The total value of products in the Itype is 30 (20v 10 m), in the

All variables in the equation of this interaction, but also more clearly displayed. We are now to study the m ‘to the changes.
II, m ‘variable
If the equation p ‘ m’v  C into the other equation p1′  m1′v1  C1 (which, p1 ‘, m1′, v1, and C1 that p ‘, m’, v, and C of the changed value), then, we have for
A variety of surplus value rate under the profit margin, obtained a general formula, regardless of v  C is a constant, or the same variable. In this way, we get:
p ‘: p1′  m’v  C: m1′v1  C1,
The resulting: p1 ‘ (m1′  m ‘)  (v1  v)  (CC1)  p’.
1, m ‘variable, v  C change
On this occasion, we have two equations:
p ‘ m’v  C;
P1′  m1′v  C,
In both equations, v  C is equivalent. Thus obtain the following ratio:
p ‘: p1′  m ‘: m1′.
Has the same form of two capital profit ratio is equal to the ratio of their rate of surplus value. Because v  C in this fraction, the important thing is not the absolute amount of v and C, but only the ratio

The means of production rather than proportional to the value. Therefore, if the value of c unchanged, but the number changes, v will change, unless the wages to the same change can be a coincidence.
So far, we have our equation v, c and C are all possible to list the changes. We see that in the rate of surplus value
Remains the same, the profit margins can be decreased, unchanged, or increase, because the v and c, or v, and C the ratio changed slightly, enough to make a change in profit margin.
Secondly, we see that, v has a line around the changes, the boundaries have been achieved, m ’should be maintained, it will become economically impossible. Because c every
Unilateral change will inevitably reach a limit, once reached this limit, v no longer remain the same, so v  C for all possible changes, there is a limit, beyond this limit , m ‘also bound to become variable. Economics of modern vulgar little attention, they use the function domain and range of the existence of boundaries. In m ‘changes, we

Now as before, will produce 20 residual value.
Conversely, if lower wages, 20v could pay the wages of 30 workers, then, m ‘to remain unchanged from the 10hour days should be shortened to 6 2  3 hours. 20  10  30  6 2  3  200 hour to produce.
The assumption in these contrary, c less than what extent can the performance of the
Value of the currency to remain unchanged, but the representatives can change as circumstances change the means of production volume, we essentially have explained in the previous before. This is only in very exceptional situations, it may be in pure form.
As the value of the various elements of c changes will increase or decrease the amount of these elements, but
Does not affect the value of c, the amount of such a situation, then, provided that such change does not cause changes in the number of v, it will not affect margin, it will not affect the rate of surplus value. But this is almost impossible. Because under the same production technology, v and c is the number represented by

In the range of.
Assumed 80c 20 v 20 m in, 20v original group of 20 workers working 10 hours a day wage. Now, assume that each person’s salary from 1 to 1 1  4. This, 20v 20 workers have been unable to pay compensation, but only 16 workers to pay compensation. However, 20 workers in 200 work hours will produce
The value of 40, while 16 workers 10 hours a day, that is, a total of 160 working hours, will produce only 32 values. Net 20v as wages, the value of 32, on the left as the residual value of 12; rate of surplus value would be from 100 to 60. But according to our premise, rate of surplus value
Must remain unchanged, thus working to extend the 1  4, or from 10 hours to 12 1  2 hours; 20 workers 10 hours a day, that work in 200 hours will produce the value of 40 and 16 workers per day 12 1  2 hours, that is 200 hours, will produce the same value, 80c 20 v of the capital,

The opposite direction by changes in quantity, we can also put it into a simple case. For example, we re80c 20 v 20 m from the start, to make it into a 110c 10 v 10 m in the form, and when the change was still less than 40c 10 v 10 m when the profit margin would still be
20. To 70c added to this intermediate form, profit margins will drop to 8 1  3. Thus, we have put into this situation again changes only one variable c on the other.
Therefore, v, c, and C simultaneously changing circumstances, no new point of view. It is only one factor into the final variable is always the case.
Another point is that
V and C in the figures is as big as before, but they place the value of the material elements of change and thus represented by v, is is promoted and labor of the changed amount, c represent , is being promoted by the means of production volume has changed. But even the only remaining case, in fact, already included

To some extent the two less than the rate of change by the same, so at this level or less, v  C remains unchanged. Beyond this point, the two being only one change. In this way, we can put this more complex situation into a more simple case above.
For example, if 80c 20 v 20 m into 100c 30 v
30 m, then, provided that such changes in the 100c 25 v 25 m within the extent of, v and c, and thus the ratio of v and C will remain unchanged. Within this extent, therefore, profit margins will remain unchanged. We can now put 100c 25 v 25 m as a starting point; we make v an increase of
5, that increased to 30v, C also increased to 130 from 125, so that we get the above second case, the only change, and v the resulting changes in C. The original profit margin is 20 in the rate of surplus value remains unchanged due to the increase 5v, now increased to 23 1  13 done.
V and C even in

But the v  C decreased from 20100 to 30200, profit margin will correspondingly decrease from 20 to 15.
(B) only the e  E, that is, only the v  C the fraction of the surface changes, but its value is unchanged, that is, only the numerator and denominator to the same number of multiplication and division, profit margins will remain unchanged. 80c
20 v 20 m and 160c 40 v 40 m clear margin between the two is 20, because m ‘is still  100, while the v  C  20100  40200 in these two cases, both on behalf of equal value.
(C) If e is greater than E, that is, if the variable capital to increase faster than total capital, profit margins will improve.
If 80c 20 v 20 m into 120c 40 v 40 m, profit margins will be from 20 to 25, because m ‘is constant, v  C  20100 has been increased to 40160, from a  5, up to 1  4.
If v and C according to changes in the same direction, we can look at this change in this volume, as if

Capital free, therefore, of great significance for the capitalists. On this point, as well as elements of constant capital (especially raw materials) price changes, we see the future Volume 92154 pp. One wants to conduct a detailed study.
Here they show that the constant changes in the capital, whether the material by the c component of the increase or decrease caused
By the c of the material or component value changes alone caused the same will have an impact margins.
4, m ‘constant, v, c and C can be changed
On this occasion, the profit margins have been changes in the total formula
p1 ‘ m’ev  EC
Is also applicable. Constant in the rate of surplus value, can be drawn from this formula the following
Results:
(A) If E is greater than e, that is, if the increase of constant capital to total capital to increase faster than variable capital, then, profit margins will decline. If a 80c 20 v 20 m of capital into a 170c 30 v 30 m of the form, then m ‘is still  100, even though v and C are increased,

May be caused by the material elements of constant capital to changes in the simple value, it may be caused by changes in the composition of total capital and technology, from the production sector to changes in labor productivity. In the latter case, with the large industrial and agricultural development and improved labor productivity, using the above example, the requirement
In accordance with the III to I, from the I to II in order to change this. A production value of 20 40 for reward but the amount of labor, initially using the value of labor 60; when productivity increased, but the value is constant, the use of labor at first to 80, then increased to 100. Reduced productivity, requires
The opposite order; the same amount of work could bring about the means of production will be reduced, production will be limited, this may in agriculture, mining and other industries took place. Information technology revolution on the analysis of the impact here?
Constant capital savings, on the one hand will increase the profit margin, on the other hand will make the

‘: p’  C: C1;
Equal in the rate of surplus value, variable capital, equal parts, profitability and inversely proportional to the total capital.
For example, suppose there are three capital, or with a capital of three different situations:
I, 80c 20 v 20 m; C  100, m ‘ 100, p’  20;
II, 100c 20 v 20 m; C  120, m ‘ 100, p’  16
2  3;
II, 60c 20 v 20 m; C  80, m ‘ 100, p’  25;
Then the ratio will be as follows:
20: 16 2  3 percent  120:100; 20: 25  80:100.
On m ‘constant v  C to the changes that we propose in front of the general formula is:
p1 ‘ m’ev  EC; now it becomes: p1′  m’v  EC,
Because v does not change, so factor
E  v1  v  1 into here.
Because m’v  m, that is, residual value quantity, and because m ‘and v remain the same, so m will not be affected by changes in C; remaining after changing magnitude of value, and the change as before.
Assume c reduced to zero, p ‘will be  m’, margins will be equal to rate of surplus value.
c changes

M; C  130, m ‘ 50, p’  11 7  13.
Conversely a reduction in variable capital, but also the transition from the II and then I come to explain.
Nature of economic conditions and the occasions, therefore, no need to repeat. I to II changes from the mean: lower half of labor productivity; on the use of 100c, IIstyle needs work, I
Type more than onehalf. This situation may occur in agriculture. Manuscript There is a saying here: "and then later studied this case have any contact with the rent."
However, on those occasions, the total capital into constant capital due to variable capital, or variable capital into constant capital, and remains the same; in here, there will be an increase in the
Variable part of the additional capital to be tied, in There will be some of the original variable to reduce the use of capital is free.
3, m ‘and v constant, c the variable, and therefore C is also variable
On this occasion, equation
p ‘ m’v  C becomes: p1′  m’v  C1,
Remove the element common to both sides, we get the following ratio:
p1

Know how these variables influence on the margins occur, we must turn of the impact of each variable separately, regardless of the impact of such isolation for the same capital in the economy is not allowed occurred. However, if a study should not be allowed to happen in reality involved in the case, it is necessary to point out.
2, m
‘constant, v variable, C changes due to changes in v
This occasion and this occasion only difference in degree. On this occasion, c is not in v increases to reduce the same amount, or v to the same time reducing the amount of increase, but remain the same. However, large industrial and agriculture under the current conditions, variable capital, total capital
Is only a small part, therefore, the reduction in the total capital or increase the decision by the change of variable capital, the total capital is reduced or increased relatively small. Let us start from such a capital:
I, 100c 20 v 10 m; C  120, m ‘ 50, p’  8 1  3.
Now assume that it becomes:
II, 100c 30 v 15

While linked, on which we will be discussed in Part III of this volume.
However, if v due to the number of workers with lower wages by employing reduced by 30 to 20, then in the same day, the total value of products will remain  30v 15 m  45; Since v reduced to 20, the remaining value will be increased to
25, rate of surplus value will be from 50 to 125, and the premise of which is contrary to. In order to meet our specifications, and by 50 at the rate of surplus value, contrary to drop to 10, so the total value of products must be reduced from 45 to 30. This is only onethird of the working day
Reduced circumstances, be possible. In this way, we get the same result as above:
100c 20 v 10 m; m ‘ 50, p’  8 1  3.
Needless to say, the wage reduction of working time and thus shortening the time the case actually may not occur. But this does not matter. Profitability is a function of many variables, if we want to

Raw materials or supplementary materials need to increase the half. Therefore, when the prices of these materials, according to our premise, I changed to the II, from the economic point of view, even for a single capital, it is also able to do. Capitalists because of his constant capital depreciation may suffer losses, at least from a larger profit (due
To the extension of days), get a degree of compensation.
Now, we assume that variable capital is not increased, but decreased. In this way, we just reverse the above example, the II as the original capital, the II into I.
II, 90c 30 v 15 m into
I, 100c 20 v 10 m,
Obviously, such a reversal will not make those provisions and the
Mutual relations between both margins of any change in conditions.
If the constant capital increases, v  reduce the number of workers used a third of Er from the 30 reduced to 20, then, here we saw the normal situation of modern industry: labor productivity, fewer workers use a larger number of means of production. This movement must and profit margins decline,

But if we abandon the assumption that wages remain unchanged, with one half of the wage increase to explain the variable capital from 20 to 30, then the situation is completely different. With the number of workers  such as 20 workers  with the same amount or slightly less, but the means of production continue to work. If the same working
Day, for instance, is still 10 hours, the total value of products also remain unchanged; it still  30. However, the 30 must all be used to compensate the variable prepaid capital 30; residual value will disappear. But our premise is the same rate of surplus value, as I still like 50. This is only one half of the workday, which
Extended to 15 hours of conditions, is possible. At this time, 20 workers within 15 hours will produce a total value of 45, all conditions are met: the
II, 90c 30 v 15 m; C  120, m ‘ 50, p’  12 1  2.
On this occasion, and I compared to 20 workers will not use more labor, the tools, machinery, etc.; only